What secrets does John Proctor keep in addition to his affair? How is his courage revealed through confrontation with his moral dilemmas?

John Proctor keeps very few secrets.  The big one, obviously, is that he keeps his affair with Abigail Williams a secret.  However, in Act Two, we learn that he kept his recent, short, but private, conversation with Abigail at Reverend Parris's house a secret from her.  In Act Two, John worries that he has no proof of what Abigail told him then because "She told it to [him] in a room alone -- [he has]...

John Proctor keeps very few secrets.  The big one, obviously, is that he keeps his affair with Abigail Williams a secret.  However, in Act Two, we learn that he kept his recent, short, but private, conversation with Abigail at Reverend Parris's house a secret from her.  In Act Two, John worries that he has no proof of what Abigail told him then because "She told it to [him] in a room alone -- [he has] no proof for it."  Elizabeth is surprised to hear that they were alone because "it is not as [he] told [her]" before.  John angrily responds that he was only alone with Abigail for a moment and that "The others come in soon after."  However, the damage is done; Elizabeth seems convinced that John is still dealing falsely with her.  And he does appear, still, to harbor feelings for Abigail, feelings he obviously keeps secret, or tries to.  In Act One, during that private conversation with Abigail, he admits to her that he "may have looked up" at her window at night and that he "may think of [her] softly from time to time."  Thus, John still seems to have some lingering feelings for Abigail, and he keeps these to himself too.

In Act Three, John reveals his courage by confessing his adulterous affair with Abigail.  He has struggled with whether or not to destroy his reputation in the town, but now that his wife's life, and the lives of his friends' wives, are on the line, he tells the truth.  Similarly, in Act Four, John is courageous when he decides that he cannot swear a lie to keep his life.  He's debated whether to confess a lie and live or to go to his death honestly, and this internal conflict is fueled by his fear that his goodness is already gone.  However, he grapples again with himself, and, in the end, his scruples will not allow him to lie, but because his integrity leads to his death, it is a courageous thing to hold on to.

Why is Helena jealous of Hermia in A Midsummer Night's Dream?

Helena is jealous of Hermia because she thinks Demetrius likes her, and Helena likes him.

Helena is jealous of Hermia because she is interested in Demetrius, the man that Helena’s father Egeus wants her to marry.  The ironic thing is that Hermia is actually interested in Lysander instead.  Hermia and Egeus appear before Theseus, the Duke of Athens, who tells Hermia that she does not get a choice in the matter.  She has to marry...

Helena is jealous of Hermia because she thinks Demetrius likes her, and Helena likes him.

Helena is jealous of Hermia because she is interested in Demetrius, the man that Helena’s father Egeus wants her to marry.  The ironic thing is that Hermia is actually interested in Lysander instead.  Hermia and Egeus appear before Theseus, the Duke of Athens, who tells Hermia that she does not get a choice in the matter.  She has to marry the man her father chooses.

THESEUS

What say you, Hermia? be advised fair maid:
To you your father should be as a god;
One that composed your beauties, yea, and one
To whom you are but as a form in wax
By him imprinted and within his power
To leave the figure or disfigure it.
Demetrius is a worthy gentleman. (Act 1, Scene 1) 

Hermia decides that she wants to take matters into her own hands.  She and Lysander elope through the woods.  Hermia tells Helena first, which is how Helena ends up following them.  Helena also tells Demetrius. 

Once in the woods things get complicated because of supernatural means.  Puck has a special potion that makes a person fall in love with the first person he or she sees.  This is how both Demetrius and Lysander end up in love with Hermia, which makes Helena very upset and jealous.  Helena feels that Hermia always gets what she wants, with poor Helena ending up left out.   She turns her bitterness toward Hermia.

HELENA

O, when she's angry, she is keen and shrewd!
She was a vixen when she went to school;
And though she be but little, she is fierce. (Act 3, Scene 2)

In the end, the pairs are matched correctly.  Theseus is married, and Helena ends up with Demetrius.  Hermia is allowed to marry Lysander, and her father just has to deal with it.

What are the Administrative Search Exception issues relating to airline/airport security? How does the exception differ from usual requirements for...

We are all used to hearing about our Fourth Amendment rights as prescribed by the Constitution. The important condition in obtaining a warrant to conduct a search is “probable cause.” There has to be a compelling reason to believe that the person might possess something incriminating that a search would reveal.

But not all searches require a warrant. There are several situations in which officers can conduct a search without a warrant.

• They believe a suspect...

We are all used to hearing about our Fourth Amendment rights as prescribed by the Constitution. The important condition in obtaining a warrant to conduct a search is “probable cause.” There has to be a compelling reason to believe that the person might possess something incriminating that a search would reveal.

But not all searches require a warrant. There are several situations in which officers can conduct a search without a warrant.

• They believe a suspect is in possession of something that could harm others.


• The suspect grants consent for the search.


• The suspect has been arrested.


• Something is in plain view.

Obviously, airport screening is a special situation. Potential terrorism endangers hundreds of lives when airliners are involved. So it is in the interest of public safety to search everybody that flies. This kind of search is called an administrative search exception. It would not be possible to obtain a warrant for everyone who flies, so everyone is searched even though there is no demonstrable probable cause. Lawsuits most often occur in this context when something illegal is found and prosecutors try to use it as evidence. Evidence gathered without probable cause can be thrown out.

I personally agree that it is appropriate to use the administrative search exception in situations like this because of the grave threat to human life. I also believe that people should be able to be prosecuted if illegal items are found, because consent to the search is implied by the fact that the suspect has entered the airport and attempted to board a plane, knowing they will be searched.

The Terry vs. Ohio decision states that officers may conduct a warrantless search if they have a reasonable belief that someone has or is about to commit a crime, or if they have a reasonable belief that the public's safety is endangered by this person. Sometimes this is referred to as "stop and frisk." For the same reason stated above concerning airport searches, I believe this ruling is appropriate. However, outside of the airport setting such a search must be well-justified by the officer.

Why is price elasticity of supply important for the government?

Price elasticity of supply is important for government because it can tell the government something about what the incidence of taxes will be.

When governments impose taxes, they can be felt more or less by different groups of people.  For example, if the government imposes an excise tax on goods, will the consumers pay more of that tax or will the producers pay it?  This issue of who pays the tax is called the incidence...

Price elasticity of supply is important for government because it can tell the government something about what the incidence of taxes will be.

When governments impose taxes, they can be felt more or less by different groups of people.  For example, if the government imposes an excise tax on goods, will the consumers pay more of that tax or will the producers pay it?  This issue of who pays the tax is called the incidence of the tax.

Price elasticity of supply helps to determine the incidence of the tax.  Whenever the price elasticity of supply is higher than the price elasticity of demand, the burden of the tax falls more on the consumer.  Whenever the elasticity of demand is higher than the elasticity of supply, the burden of the tax falls on the producer.

When governments impose taxes, they want to know who those taxes will affect.  If the government knows the price elasticity of supply (and that of demand) it can know what the incidence of the tax will be.

How can beliefs held by half or more of the population be considered deviant?

When a specific belief is held by more than half of a population, then such belief is being held by the majority of the population, which goes by the "half plus" formula, or its dictionary definition:

an amount that is greater than half of its total. 

Still, the common belief is that, if the majority believes a norm or belief, it is universally accepted as a rule to abide. This is not always the case.

The answer, therefore, is that a belief can still be considered deviant, or against the collective norm, even when the majority of the people believes in it, when a faction, or 

a group within a larger group that has different ideas and opinions than the rest of the group

is also in charge of deciding the collective social norms by which a given population will abide. 

These factions are ruled by people who are influential and powerful, whether they represent the interests and beliefs of the majority or not. They can be anybody: book editors, politicians, actors, community representatives, artists.

As long as these people hold the power to influence with what they write or say, they may APPEAR to be the majority, when in fact they are just have a greater influence than members of the majority. As such, their publications, speeches, books, and laws can appear to be "the rule." 

This is how the beliefs of the majority, or "half plus" of the population, may still be considered deviant. If the smaller group is more influential and has the power of laying down the law, they can call out the majority as "wrong" and call themselves and their agendas "correct." Sadly, the same majority that becomes disenfranchised by the influential faction also allows this to happen. 

Now, on a side note, let's be very careful with the word "deviant." A deviant is not necessarily a bad person, or someone who is rebellious or challenging. For all I know, I am a deviant because I celebrate Day of the Dead, instead of Halloween, in a country where Halloween is the second most awaited celebration. 

A deviant is simply someone who thinks or acts in a way that detours, or deviates, from the norms that those factions have established as rules. 

Again, since rules and norms are actually determined by SMALL groups, and not by the majority of the population, celebrities such as Ben and Jerry, of the ice cream fame, consider that maybe the deviants are those who make the norms, being that they are the smaller fragment of the population, in terms of numbers. That, however, is another story. Yet, it helps us see how this issue with who establishes the rules can be seen from different perspectives. 

Therefore, the issue of influence can happen with any common belief, from creationism, to the paranormal, to who would make the best US President, to who killed JFK. As long as a small, powerful group holds the reigns of public opinion and social influence, their thoughts will SEEM to be as "normative" when, in fact, they are not. As such, the beliefs of the majority will be considered deviant. Be sure to check out more on this topic here under the "Control Theory of Deviance" Topic.

Write the solution of the initial value problem and use it to find the population when `t=20` ? `(dP)/(dt)=0.1P(1-P/2000) ` `P(0)=100` When does...

This is a separable differential equation. This means we can completely separate dependent and independent variables into two expressions. General form if such equation is

`dy/dx=f(x)g(y)`

and the solution is obtained by solving the following integrals

`int dy/g(y)=int f(x)dx+C`

Let us now return to the problem at hand.

`dy/dt=0.1P(1-P/2000)`

Now we need to put everything containing `P` on the left and everything containing `t` to the right side.

`(dP)/(0.1P-P^2/20000)=dt`

Let us first simplify the expression on the left.

`(dP)/((2000P-P^2)/20000)=dt`

`(20000dP)/(P(2000-P))=dt`

We shall write the term on the left using partial fractions to make integration easier.

`(20000dP)/(P(2000-P))=A/P+B/(2000-P)`

`2000A=20000` 

`B-A=0`

`A=B=10`

`(2000dP)/P(2000-P)=10/P+10/(2000-P)`

We can now integrate the equation.

`int 10/P dP+int 10/(2000-P)dP=int dt`

`10ln P-10ln(2000-P)+10ln C=t`

` `

In the line above we have written the constant term as `10ln C` in stead of just `C.` This is often used to make the expression easier to manipulate.

`ln P-ln(2000-P)+ln C=t/10`

Use formulae for logarithm of product and quotient:

`log_a (xy)=log_a x+log_a y`

`log_a(x/y)=log_a x-log_a y`

`ln((CP)/(2000-P))=t/10`

Take antilogarithm.

`(CP)/(2000-P)=e^(t/10)`

`CP=2000e^(t/10)-e^(t/10)P`

`P(C+e^(t/10))=2000e^(t/10)`

`P=(2000e^(t/10))/(C+e^(t/10))`

We can now calculate `C` by using the initial value.

`P(0)=100`

`(2000e^(0/10))/(C+e^(0/10))=100`

Since `e^0=1,` we have

`2000/(C+1)=100`

`C+1=2000/100`

`C=20-1`

`C=19`

The solution to the initial value problem is

`P(t)=(2000e^(t/10))/(19+e^(t/10))`   

We can now calculate population when `t=20.`

`P(20)=(2000e^2)/(19+e^2)approx560`

Population is approximately `560` at time `t=20.`

To find when the population reaches 1200, we need to solve the following equation

`(2000e^(t/10))/(19+e^(t/10))=1200`

Multiply by the denominator.

`2000e^(t/10)=22800+1200e^(t/10)`

`800e^(t/10)=22800`

`e^(t/10)=28.5` 

Take logarithm.

`t/10=ln28.5`

`t=10ln28.5approx33.499`  

The population will reach 1200 at time `t=33.499.` 

Why is the sea trip rejected by the three friends in "Three Men in a Boat" by Jerome K. Jerome?

In Chapter One, Harris suggests that the three friends embark on a sea trip. J is the first one to disagree. He argues that a sea trip is a great experience if one can take a few months for it; however, if the sea trip will only last a week, it can be a devastatingly joyless experience. J maintains that it usually takes a week to overcome the propensity of getting seasick, and by the time one does, the trip will essentially be over.

J relates the story of his brother-in-law, who made the mistake of going on a short sea trip. By the time he got to Liverpool, his brother-in-law was anxious to sell his return ticket at a discount; he had had enough of the sea and wanted to take the train home. Evidently, the short sea trip had been too taxing for him, and he maintained that one could get more exercise sitting down (presumably being seasick) than "turning somersaults on dry land."

Next, J relates the story of his friend, who went on a week's voyage around the coast. This friend paid full price for a week's worth of food that he never got to eat. The initial fare was unappetizing, and then J's friend got seasick. This left him having to survive on thin captain's biscuits and soda-water for four days. By the time he was well enough to sample the food he had paid for, the voyage was over.

J tells his friends that he worries George will suffer the same fate. For his part, George maintains that J and Harris will likely be the ones to get seasick before he does. He declares that he's never gotten seasick, even during tempestuous sea trips. Then, J offers some strange advice on balancing one's body during sea trips; he argues that it is "an excellent preventive against sea-sickness."

You stand in the centre of the deck, and, as the ship heaves and pitches, you move your body about, so as to keep it always straight.  When the front of the ship rises, you lean forward, till the deck almost touches your nose; and when its back end gets up, you lean backwards.  This is all very well for an hour or two; but you can’t balance yourself for a week.

Upon hearing this terrible advice, George pipes up that they should go up the river instead. He argues that they will have "fresh air, exercise and quiet," and eventually, this is what the three friends decide to do. They reject the sea trip because none of them can agree that a week's voyage will prove enjoyable.

What was life like in the 1930's in America?

In the 1930's, the period of the Great Depression, life was desperate. Twenty-five per cent of the workforce were unemployed, homes and cars that were purchased on credit were lost, and many people lost their investments in the stock market crash of 1929, known as "Black Tuesday." Some even committed suicide. Others had to live in automobiles or makeshift homes fashioned from scrap metals. These little towns that formed from such makeshift homes were called "Hoovervilles"...

In the 1930's, the period of the Great Depression, life was desperate. Twenty-five per cent of the workforce were unemployed, homes and cars that were purchased on credit were lost, and many people lost their investments in the stock market crash of 1929, known as "Black Tuesday." Some even committed suicide. Others had to live in automobiles or makeshift homes fashioned from scrap metals. These little towns that formed from such makeshift homes were called "Hoovervilles" after the president who misjudged the effects of the stock market crash of 1929.

Another disaster struck in the 1930's: The Dust Bowl. After generations of farming in the Great Plains in which much of the top-soil was lost, and over-farming as men planted great quantities of wheat for the food supply for World War I, which removed grassland that held down the nutritious soil, there was an environmental cataclysm that took place. Massive dust-clouds formed and cattle died from consuming such dust. There was a severe drought and no crops could be grown. Therefore, farmers from Oklahoma, Kansas, and surrounding areas fought, but many lost their farms. As a result, they migrated to California in the hope of finding jobs. Many men left their families behind as they searched for work.

After Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected, there were a number of programs effected that helped to assist people. These were part of the New Deal; one of these was the WPA (the Works Progress Administration) which employed many people in making various libraries, constructing works of art, and building huge projects such as the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Hoover Dam. These valuable projects employed hundreds of men and brought water and electricity to many who had not had these resources before.

The Civil Conservation Corps was another program that helped men get back to work:

Roosevelt proposed to recruit thousands of unemployed young men, enlist them in a peacetime army, and send them to battle the erosion and destruction of the nation’s natural resources.

More than any other New Deal agency, this program was considered to be a reflection of Roosevelt’s personal philosophy. 

Why does the grandmother call the Misfit a "good man" in "A Good Man is Hard to Find" by Flannery O'Connor?

One of the most baffling moments in Flannery O'Conner's "A Good Man is Hard to Find" occurs near the end, when the grandmother insists the Misfit is a "good man" despite repeated examples to the contrary. It's never explicitly stated why the grandmother persists in doing so, but we can make at least two assumptions regarding her motivations based on the context. First, it seems like the grandmother is trying to flatter the Misfit by...

One of the most baffling moments in Flannery O'Conner's "A Good Man is Hard to Find" occurs near the end, when the grandmother insists the Misfit is a "good man" despite repeated examples to the contrary. It's never explicitly stated why the grandmother persists in doing so, but we can make at least two assumptions regarding her motivations based on the context. First, it seems like the grandmother is trying to flatter the Misfit by calling him a good man and, in doing so, convince him to stop murdering her family members.  Second, by calling the Misfit a "good man," the grandmother could also be trying to convince herself of this fact. Panicking in a dreadful situation, the grandmother appears to be grasping at any kind of security available to her, even if that means clinging to an increasingly absurd fantasy that the Misfit is a "good man." Therefore, with these two ideas in mind, the grandmother's interactions with the Misfit become more and more desperate. 

Does religion teach fear?

There are many hundreds or even thousands of religions in the world. Within each of those religions, there is tremendous variation not only in doctrine but in how people interpret and react to various doctrines. Therefore, it is not possible to generalize about "religion" in some overarching and uniform way. One can only talk about the teachings of specific religions.

Lucretius in De Rerum Naturaargued that traditional Greek religion taught fear of the gods,...

There are many hundreds or even thousands of religions in the world. Within each of those religions, there is tremendous variation not only in doctrine but in how people interpret and react to various doctrines. Therefore, it is not possible to generalize about "religion" in some overarching and uniform way. One can only talk about the teachings of specific religions.

Lucretius in De Rerum Natura argued that traditional Greek religion taught fear of the gods, and that Epicurus, a purely secular philosopher, drove out fear from people's minds in a way that was even more impressive than the deeds of Hercules in driving out fearful monsters from the land. 

Some forms of evangelical Christianity emphasize the importance of the "fear of God." On the other hand, many other religious traditions, including Buddhism and Bahá'í, would emphasize that their proponents strive towards a spiritual peace that cannot be found in purely secular belief systems. Some psychologists argue that religious and spiritual beliefs function as coping mechanisms, helping people through difficult situations such as illness, and thus may reduce fear in so far as people can put their trust in some form of divinity.

How does Shakespeare create atmosphere throughout Act II, Scene 2 of Macbeth?

Shakespeare creates a tense atmosphere (or mood) in this scene beginning with Lady Macbeth's initial concern that Duncan's grooms have awoken and, in doing so, have prevented Macbeth from being able to complete the murder.  Then, the quick back-and-forth between the husband and wife when he enters the scene increases tension.  The nervous questions and short, terse, replies contribute to this anxious atmosphere.  Further, both of them have heard strange noises for which they cannot...

Shakespeare creates a tense atmosphere (or mood) in this scene beginning with Lady Macbeth's initial concern that Duncan's grooms have awoken and, in doing so, have prevented Macbeth from being able to complete the murder.  Then, the quick back-and-forth between the husband and wife when he enters the scene increases tension.  The nervous questions and short, terse, replies contribute to this anxious atmosphere.  Further, both of them have heard strange noises for which they cannot account, including the voice Macbeth heard that has promised that he will not be able to sleep peacefully anymore. 

In addition, when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth begin to conflict with one another, this adds to the tense atmosphere too.  He brought the murder weapons with him rather than leave them near Duncan's body and the men they are attempting to frame, and when he refuses to return them himself, Lady Macbeth scolds him for his lack of courage and returns them herself.  Once she does so, the couple begin to hear a knocking at the gate: each time they hear a knock, the tension increases because they know that Duncan's body will soon be discovered and they will have to pretend innocence.

What are some ways to generate awareness on disaster management?

Disaster management is the ability of organizations and larger communities to manage resources and responsibilities during times of uncertainty.  This includes preparing for, responding to and recovery from disasters which may be natural or caused by society.  Natural disasters are typically weather related events such as hurricane or tornadoes.  Examples of social disasters include stock market crashes or rioting.  There are numerous ways to educate the public and agencies on the importance of disaster management.

The internet has provided an ample opportunity to educate on disaster management.  One of the trending ways to quickly capture attention and educate is through the use of memes, which are catchy pictures or videos widely shared through social networking.  Chuck Norris currently enjoys a meme whereby he faces impossible odds or ridiculous situations and comes out unscathed.  Using such a meme with Chuck Norris seemingly destroying a town and asking the audience whether they are prepared for such an occasion would play into an already popular event.  This would propagate the message quickly across a mass audience.

Television and print advertisements can also be effective means of educating the public.  Statistics, dramatizations or comedies can be used to demonstrate the need to properly prepare for the unknown future.  The benefit of this campaign is the large audience; however, the use of DVR can render it less effective if the audience decides to tune out.

Promotions and games are another way to involve the public.  Providing promotional events with free information and prizes that support disaster education can draw large crowds.  They are typically specific to regional disasters.  For example, the National Weather Center at the University of Oklahoma holds a weather fair every year and tornadoes are a main topic because of the frequency in the local area.  By getting school aged children interested via games, parents may be educated as well.    

Why might incomes of $1 or $2 a day underestimate the value of what is being consumed by Indian households?

Without knowing more about the exact way in which the source got its numbers, it is impossible to be certain about how those figures are potentially wrong. We can, however, at least discuss two possible problems with those numbers.

The first problem is that these numbers might be based on wages paid by the formal economy. In other words, the people who did this study might have used businesses' reports to the government to determine how...

Without knowing more about the exact way in which the source got its numbers, it is impossible to be certain about how those figures are potentially wrong. We can, however, at least discuss two possible problems with those numbers.

The first problem is that these numbers might be based on wages paid by the formal economy. In other words, the people who did this study might have used businesses' reports to the government to determine how much people were paid in India. This would be a problem because many people in India work in the informal economy. They do not work for formal companies and their pay is not reported to the government. If the statistics rely only on data from the formal economy, the researchers will miss money people are making informally. Therefore, the figure given here will underestimate how much money people are able to spend on consumption.

The other major way these numbers might underestimate actual consumption is because many people might engage in transactions outside the cash economy. In a rich country, most people are only able to obtain goods or services by paying for them with money. In India, many people might be engaging in barter and/or subsistence farming. If I only have $2 per day to live on, but I grow much of my own food, the $2 figure will underestimate how much I am able to eat.  Similarly, if I take my excess crops and trade them with other people for goods or services (instead of selling them for money), I will be able to consume more things without having any actual money. Thus, if people are engaging in subsistence farming and/ or a barter economy, the $2 figure could underestimate how much they are actually able to consume.

Thus, these numbers might be misleading. They might not take into account money that people earn outside official employment and they might fail to account for goods and services people make for themselves or for which they barter.

Which part of The Giver shows the absence of war, hatred, and rudeness?

For most of the beginning of Lowry's The Giver, there is an absence of war, hatred, and rudeness because the reader learns about the rules of Jonas's community. The rules demand strict adherence to being polite and respecting oneself as well as others. For example, when Asher is late to school in chapter one, he is expected to apologize to his class. The class then tells him that they accept his apology in unison. This...

For most of the beginning of Lowry's The Giver, there is an absence of war, hatred, and rudeness because the reader learns about the rules of Jonas's community. The rules demand strict adherence to being polite and respecting oneself as well as others. For example, when Asher is late to school in chapter one, he is expected to apologize to his class. The class then tells him that they accept his apology in unison. This shows that community members are held to a high standard of politeness at all times.

The times when everyone seems to be happy and united are when the community holds unscheduled holidays and during the annual two-day ceremonies held each December. The two-day ceremonies held each December are the community's celebrations for the children as they grow, progress, and accept more responsibilities in their lives. This is an exciting time because each group of children receives a new responsibility as well as a certain type of personal freedom. For example, children turning nine receive bicycles which allow them more travel possibilities along with maintenance responsibilities. Enthusiastic children are happy to assume more freedom and responsibility with each year because it signifies their growth and increasing value to the community. No one thinks about war, or hate, or being rude during the ceremonies or holidays. 

Lily's ceremony is found in chapter six, while the Ceremony of Twelve is found in chapter seven. Jonas's selection as the Receiver-in-training is in chapter eight. Other than the Chief Elder causing some anxiety for Jonas and the audience while his whole group receives assignments and he stands there awkwardly, there isn't any talk or display of war, hatred or rudeness. Again, people in the community are conditioned to show respect and control their behavior at all times. 

What are some major events in Black Like Me by John Howard Griffin?

Some major events in Black Like Me include the following:

• George Levitan, the publisher of Sepia magazine, gives Griffin money to conduct his research on what it's like to be a black man in the south (page 3).


• Griffin, the author, looks in the mirror and does not recognize himself with his dermatologically darkened skin (page 11).


• Griffin goes out in New Orleans as a black man (page 12).


• Griffin decides to work with the shoeshine man in New Orleans, who knows Griffin is really a white man from the hairs on his hands (page 23).


• The author visits his friend, P.D. East (page 73), a white writer and newspaper man who is sympathetic to Griffin.


• The author arrives in Biloxi, Mississippi (page 83).


• The author goes to Mobile, Alabama (page 96) and then hitchhikes to Montgomery, Alabama (page 102). He stays in a backwoods shack with a black family (page 108). 


• The author finds a spirit of hopefulness in Montgomery (page 120), where Martin Luther King had been preaching. 


• The author returns to being white (122) and then returns to have dermatologically darkened skin (page 126) and heads to Atlanta (page 132).


• The author visits a Trappist monastery (page 135).


• The author returns to New Orleans (page 145) and then returns home to his family in Texas (page 147).


• The author is interviewed on a TV show that is aired about his work (page 149). He appears on several other TV shows and in several articles, provoking a negative response in his hometown and the environs. He is hanged in effigy (page 159), but he also receives many positive letters, even from the south. 


• The author decides to move to Mexico in response to the hatred he has received; his parents have already moved (page 162).

In Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House, what was Nora's power in her relationship with Torvald?

Throughout A Doll's House, playwright Henrik Ibsen shows Nora is only able to wield power in her relationship with Torvald when she acts independently through deception. Ibsen begins to develop Nora's exertion of power through deception in the opening act. Nora enters the scene having returned home from Christmas shopping without her husband's knowledge — or, at the very least, he is completely unaware of the extent of her shopping. We see his ...

Throughout A Doll's House, playwright Henrik Ibsen shows Nora is only able to wield power in her relationship with Torvald when she acts independently through deception.

Ibsen begins to develop Nora's exertion of power through deception in the opening act. Nora enters the scene having returned home from Christmas shopping without her husband's knowledge — or, at the very least, he is completely unaware of the extent of her shopping. We see his lack of awareness when she asks him, "Come in here, Torvald, and see what I have bought," to which Torvald replies, "Bought, did you say? All these things? Has my little spendthrift been wasting money again?" Torvald's surprise shows us he was either completely unaware Nora intended to do any shopping or at least unaware of the extent of shopping she planned to do. He tries to control her by telling her not to "spend money recklessly," but she is still able to buy what she wants behind his back. By buying what she wants behind Torvald's back, she exerts power by deceiving him, despite his efforts to control her.

Nora commits a second act of deception by secretly purchasing and eating macaroons. After paying the porter and telling their maid Helen to hide the Christmas tree, Nora takes off her coat and hat, laughs to herself, fishes a "packet of macaroons from her pocket and eats one or two." She then goes to the study door of her husband and listens to confirm he is at home before busying herself with opening her new packages. Later in the scene, we learn Nora was intentionally secretive about the macaroons because her husband forbid her from eating sweets. When asked by Torvald if she had "been nibbling sweets," Nora continues her deception by saying, "I should not think of going against your wishes." Yet, the very fact that she has gone against his wishes shows she has the ability to wield power through deception by doing as she pleases, despite his efforts to control her and leave her powerless.

Apply this essential question to the novel Fahrenheit 451: What are the dangers involved when a large population is controlled by a smaller group...

One of the significant themes throughout the novel Fahrenheit 451deals with government censorship. Bradbury illustrates the ways in which an authoritarian government controls the population by censoring individuals who disagree with government policy and using violence as a means of suppressing the masses. Interestingly, Captain Beatty explains to Montag that the majority of the population passively accepts the censorship laws in favor of condensed, superficial entertainment. Although Bradbury does not directly state whether or...

One of the significant themes throughout the novel Fahrenheit 451 deals with government censorship. Bradbury illustrates the ways in which an authoritarian government controls the population by censoring individuals who disagree with government policy and using violence as a means of suppressing the masses. Interestingly, Captain Beatty explains to Montag that the majority of the population passively accepts the censorship laws in favor of condensed, superficial entertainment. Although Bradbury does not directly state whether or not a small group of officials is in charge of the dystopian society, it is evident that the government's view of intellectualism is widely accepted. This propagated belief that literature and intellectualism are harmful spread throughout society with the aid of government agencies like the firefighters. The government in the novel sought to eliminate independent thought and expression, which resulted in a violent, dangerous, and oppressed society. By threatening the population with imprisonment or death, the citizens of the dystopian society conformed to government ideology. In Bradbury's dystopian society, the larger population is not able to express their personal opinions and are at the mercy of the totalitarian government. The government in Fahrenheit 451 engages in frequent warfare, and intellectuals live in fear, which leaves the citizens voiceless and oppressed. When a smaller government has the ability to control the majority of the population, individual rights become vulnerable and are often eliminated through threats of violence or imprisonment.

Describe in detail 2-3 differences between functionalism and conflict theory

Functionalism and conflict theory are two different accounts of how societies form and are structured, based on different basic assumptions about human behavior.

Functionalism says that human beings are fundamentally cooperative, and will work together to build institutions and achieve mutual goals. The whole society is often conceptualized as like a living organism, with individual people playing a role similar to cells in that organism.

Conflict theory says that human beings are fundamentally competitive, and societies consist of individuals and groups in a constant state of conflict over goals and resources. Society is conceived more individualistically, though often the unit of analysis is some sort of group of people (such as "the working class" or "women") rather than individuals.

Both theories contain valid insights, and both have flaws. Human beings are both cooperative and competitive, and while social structures do serve many useful mutual goals, it is also quite common for different people and groups of people to come into conflict. In general, good sociologists apply insights from both theories rather than maintaining a dogmatic view of one or the other.

One of the most important differences between the two theories is what they say about the economic system and distribution of wealth; taken in their most extreme forms, functionalism would say that the economy is a well-oiled machine that functions optimally and the inequality it creates is necessary for efficiency, while conflict theory would say that the economy is a constant state of class warfare in which different groups of people try to grab a larger piece of the pie for themselves. An extreme functionalist would probably oppose redistribution of wealth as undermining the efficiency of the system, while an extreme conflict theorist would likely demand a great deal of redistribution of wealth as a means of making the conflict more fair.

Another important difference between them is how they view social change. Functionalism actually has a hard time making sense of social change, because if institutions are serving their function, why change them? Functionalists could reply by saying that as the world changes, the institutions needed can also be changed, and societies will make the necessary changes. Or, they might say that change, or at least rapid change, is bad, and should be avoided. Conflict theorists on the other hand have a very clear explanation for social change: Everyone is fighting, and sometimes one side wins and the other side loses. Such victories can be temporary or permanent, partial or total. Societies change as different groups take the upper hand in the fight and impose their own goals on the rest of society. Many conflict theorists believe that rapid social change is necessary, because one particular group (namely, rich, White, straight men) has been winning far too much and other groups should be given their fair share.

How can I write an analytical essay on "Big Black Good Man" by Richard Wright?

A successful literary analysis begins with careful close readings of the literary work, in this case, the short story "Big Black Good Man" by Richard Wright (1908-1960), published posthumously in the collection Eight Men(1961). A successful analysis will examine and discuss background information (e.g., historic, social, author biography) and the opinions of critics and scholars. The nugget of a literary analysis essay expresses your own textual analysis and your critical argument expressing your own...

A successful literary analysis begins with careful close readings of the literary work, in this case, the short story "Big Black Good Man" by Richard Wright (1908-1960), published posthumously in the collection Eight Men (1961). A successful analysis will examine and discuss background information (e.g., historic, social, author biography) and the opinions of critics and scholars. The nugget of a literary analysis essay expresses your own textual analysis and your critical argument expressing your own idea about the story. Your idea must be developed and supported directly from the words of the text, and this text must be clearly presented and soundly explicated.

An example of an idea about the text that might be expanded into a literary analysis is the question of what psychological reaction changed the attitude of the big black good man at the very end of the short story; it is his attitude change that drives the dramatic twist and surprise ending. Understanding and presenting the literary analysis of the man's original attitude and change in attitude will call for examining the text to substantiate the sincerity of his earlier attitude and of his apparent surprise at the fear he had lodged in Olaf's mind. This analysis will also call for examining the character development given to the big black good man to determine what his emotional and cognitive responses, unstated but implied in the text, might have been.

   "Thanks!" Olaf cried after him.
   The black giant paused, turned his vast black head, and flashed a grin.
   "Daddy-O, drop dead," he said and was gone.

Following this type of examination of the text to analyze and understand characterization development, motivation for actions, psychological reactions and any other relevant textual elements, such as setting, tone, mood, etc., will provide the framework for a literary analysis essay examining any question you may develop for "Big Black Good Man."

A measurement of an electron's speed is `v = 2.0 x 10^6 m/s` and has an uncertainty of `10%.` What is the minimum uncertainty in its position? (`h...

Hello!

The uncertainty principle (one of them) states that it is impossible to exactly measure the speed and the position of a body. This inexactness is called uncertainty. Of course it is significant only for very small particles of matter, for example for electrons.

The main formula for the speed-position uncertainty is

`Delta p*Delta x gt= bar h/2,`

where `Delta p` is the uncertainty of the momentum, `Delta x` is the uncertainty of the position...

Hello!

The uncertainty principle (one of them) states that it is impossible to exactly measure the speed and the position of a body. This inexactness is called uncertainty. Of course it is significant only for very small particles of matter, for example for electrons.

The main formula for the speed-position uncertainty is

`Delta p*Delta x gt= bar h/2,`

where `Delta p` is the uncertainty of the momentum, `Delta x` is the uncertainty of the position and `bar h` is the reduced Plank's constant  `h/(2pi).` ` `

The momentum is the mass multiplied by the speed and `10%` is `0.1.` Thus we obtain the inequality

`0.1*m_(el)*v*Delta x gt= h/(4pi),`

and therefore

`Delta x gt= h/(4pi)*10/(m_(el)*v) =(6.626*10^(-34))/(4pi)*10/(9.11*10^(-31)*2*10^6)=`

`=(6.626)/(4pi*9.11*2)*10^(-8) approx0.0289*10^(-8) = 2.89*10^(-10) (m).`

In nanometers it is `0.289 nm.`

The answer: the minimum uncertainty in position is about 0.289 nm.

How do the Cratchits react to their Christmas feast, and what does their celebration show Scrooge in Dickens' A Christmas Carol?

The Cratchit family is grateful for their feast even though it is meager, and Scrooge realizes that you do not need much to be happy as long as you have people you love.

The Cratchit family reminds Scrooge what it means to be deliberately happy.  The Cratchits are happy because they want to be.  The enjoy each other’s company.  They make the most of small luxuries.  They love each other, and because they do not...

The Cratchit family is grateful for their feast even though it is meager, and Scrooge realizes that you do not need much to be happy as long as you have people you love.

The Cratchit family reminds Scrooge what it means to be deliberately happy.  The Cratchits are happy because they want to be.  The enjoy each other’s company.  They make the most of small luxuries.  They love each other, and because they do not have much they savor what they have.

Scrooge, who is a stingy miser who spends his nights eating alone and usually just has gruel because it is cheap, is astonished when he sees how excited the Cratchits are about their Christmas feast.  They are making much of little.

And now two smaller Cratchits, boy and girl, came tearing in, screaming that outside the baker's they had smelt the goose, and known it for their own; and basking in luxurious thoughts of sage and onion … (Ch. 3)

The Cratchits all enjoy their goose, and their gravy, apple-sauce and potatoes.  The goose was cooked at the baker’s because they didn’t have a way to cook it.  They were too poor.  When they were praising the goose, the fact that it was cheap was one of the things they were most proud of.  The pudding was also a source of admiration for all.

Everybody had something to say about it, but nobody said or thought it was at all a small pudding for a large family. It would have been flat heresy to do so. Any Cratchit would have blushed to hint at such a thing. (Ch. 3)

The Cratchits would never complain that there wasn’t enough to eat or the dinner was not fine enough. When Scrooge is toasted as the “Founder of the Feast,” Mrs. Cratchit objects at first, calling him “odious.”   Bob tells her to think of the children and she agrees to toast.

The celebration the Cratchits have tells Scrooge that family is more important than money, and you should savor what you do have.  Holidays are about more than spending and presents.  Holidays are about being with the ones you love and enjoying time with them.

When does Scout act courageously in To Kill a Mockingbird?

In Chapter 15, Atticus leaves his home to sit outside of Tom Robinson's jail cell to prevent anyone from attempting to harm Tom before the trial. Jem, Dill, and Scout search for Atticus and find him reading the newspaper in front of Maycomb's jailhouse. Suddenly, several cars arrive from the Meridian highway and a group of men begin to surround Atticus. Scout sneaks out from their hiding place and runs into the middle of...

In Chapter 15, Atticus leaves his home to sit outside of Tom Robinson's jail cell to prevent anyone from attempting to harm Tom before the trial. Jem, Dill, and Scout search for Atticus and find him reading the newspaper in front of Maycomb's jailhouse. Suddenly, several cars arrive from the Meridian highway and a group of men begin to surround Atticus. Scout sneaks out from their hiding place and runs into the middle of the group of men. Unaware of the dangerous situation she has just entered, Scout tries to make casual conversation. Jem and Dill follow Scout and Atticus tells Jem to go home. However, Jem refuses to go home and leave his father's side. One of the men from the Old Sarum bunch grabs Jem by the collar of his shirt and says, "I'll send him home" (Lee 94). Scout yells, "Don't you touch him!" and kicks the man in his groin (Lee 94). Atticus then tells Scout to calm down and not kick folks. Scout responds by saying, "Ain't nobody gonna do Jem that way" (Lee 94). Scout acts courageously by defending her brother to the best of her ability. She saw that Jem was being harassed and she came to his aid by kicking a much older man as hard as she could. 

How would you summarize the poem "Imagination" by George Bernard Shaw?

George Bernard Shaw was a man whose work was compared to humorous and clever authors who were well-known at the time:

But by the turn of the century, Shaw’s smart, funny voice had emerged—a unique intersection of styles typified by writers like Oscar Wilde and Anton Chekhov. 

It is for this reason that Shaw's "Imagination" is something of an oddity. It is almost trite or juvenile. Since Shaw was an author who was not known for constructing anything so inconsequential, it might be assumed the simplistic nature of the poem has a deeper meaning—much more than the words imply.

Throughout the poem, the speaker notes that (as a youngster) he had an active imagination and alludes to childhood images of adventure similar to those of Mark Twain's character  and Harper Lee's Jem, Scout and Dill in . Pretending was a daily staple of these characters' young lives.

The things the speaker pretended to be are clichés—the games little boys have played throughout numerous generations (during Shaw's time and still today), including a pirate and a cowboy. These roles were not sophisticated in nature, but the speaker says, "These simple things did please me."

In the second stanza, the speaker describes an abundance of time spent in magical worlds that he imagined; he then discovered reading, and in these ways he "escaped the daily grind." The use of daily grind is interesting because it is very different than the lifestyle and imaginings of a child.

In the next stanza, the speaker describes living with Eskimos in northern climates; the following stanza reports that he "went off to the moon" after reading  (a popular science fiction writer of the day). The voice the speaker adopts is child-like, as seen in Shaw's use of a bare-bones, simplistic style.

And went off to the moon, 

It was just to take a look, 

Then it was time to return.

Consider the definition of voice:

[Voice] is a convention in poetry that the speaker is not the same individual as the historical [actual] author of the poem. . . Many students (and literary critics) attempt to decipher clues about the author’s own attitudes, beliefs, feelings, or biographical details through the words in a poem. 

The voice Shaw adopts is important to the poem's theme, especially in that such simplistic ideas and style of writing contrast with Shaw's superior stylistic capabilities in his other literary works.

In the fifth stanza, the speaker alludes to the famous explorer, Dr. Livingstone, and also speaks of Twain's character —the epitome of an adventuresome boy. The speaker is out of touch with reality as he becomes caught up in his imagined exploits during some especially dangerous and controversial situations.

Shaw also structures the poem's rhyme scheme with simple end-rhyme. The rhyme scheme of "Imagination" is singsong and unimaginative. For instance, he uses a, b, a, b in the fifth stanza. These simple kinds of rhyme, along with a basic syntax, also add to the child-like mood of the poem.

Toward the conclusion, the speaker notes,

In my world of fantasy and imagination, 

I performed such wonderful deeds.

In this statement, the speaker notes he was capable of doing more than is normal for most people, but only in his imagination. Perhaps this speaks to the difficulty of leaving a childhood where anything is possible and turning to adulthood, which is replete what is not possible.

The poem's last stanza provides a pivotal moment when the speaker turns away from the make-believe days of his youth:

Then I grew up my childish world at an end.

I had become serious it nearly drove me around the bend.

I still do like the mysterious, 

This is the message I am trying to send.

In order to give this masterful writer his due, we must look to a deeper meaning as opposed to the literal presentation of this poem. First, the last stanza is very much like 1 Corinthians 13:11:

When I was a child, I spoke and thought and reasoned as a child. But when I grew up, I put away childish things (NLT).

We know that "by the turn of the century, Shaw’s smart, funny [literary] voice" had emerged. We also know his work "enumerated various social and political concerns." With these details in mind, we can infer Shaw was making a statement, something beyond sharing details of the speaker's childhood imagination. When the speaker was a child, he behaved like one. When he grew up, he changed. Shaw's wit might well expose his personal political or social ideas by noting that, while the speaker almost went crazy, he still made the transition. Perhaps his inference is that many people of his day did not, instead choosing to live in a dream world rather than facing the realities of the modern day.

While he put away the imaginings of childhood, however, Shaw's speaker also notes he is still curious about the mysteries in life. Shaw might be telling his audience that just because life requires one to stop pretending, a life need not be one of drudgery or boredom if one can shift his or her attention away from things imagined, and search, instead, for meaning and excitement in those things yet to be understood.

Shaw's poem "Imagination" should never be taken at face value. The writer's mastery of the language itself must prove to the reader that there is more here than meets the eye.

What were Fox's beliefs?

John Fox or Foxe (ca. 1516 – 18 April 1587) was an English Protestant best known for The Actes and Monuments, a work normally known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs. Foxe began work on this study on the history of martyrdom in 1552. The first Latin edition appeared in 1554 and then Foxe began to revise it to include the English Protestant martyrs under Queen Mary, publishing the updated Latin version in 1559. Returning from exile on the Continent after the ascension of Queen Elizabeth, Foxe published the first English version of his work in 1563 with the English publisher John Day.

Foxe was educated at Oxford, completing a bachelor's degree in 1537 and a master's degree in 1543. He converted to Protestantism and resigned from his Oxford position in 1545. When Edward VI ascended to the throne and Protestantism became legal, Foxe was ordained by Ridley, but was forced to flee England when Mary became queen.

Foxe was a Protestant with Calvinist leanings, agreeing with Knox on many elements of theology and church polity. He was opposed to the wearing of "Romish rags" in the vestments controversy, and generally took a "low" view of clerical offices, emphasizing that there should simply be ministers of the Gospel acting as preachers and arguing against the "high" notions of apostolical succession and clerical hierarchies. 

Foxe is considered a Puritan, meaning that he emphasized predestination, the priesthood of all believers, and a strongly scriptural Christianity. He was strongly anti-Roman Catholic, and his martyrology emphasizes the abuses of power of the Roman Catholic Church, with explicit and gruesome descriptions of the tortures inflicted by the Roman hierarchy (including the Inquisition and Queen Mary) on those who challenged its power.

What is the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

The Second Continental Congress adopted the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 as a result of settlers spilling into the area after the U.S. had gained the territory in the Revolutionary War with the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The ordinance stated that the new territory would be admitted to the union as no more than 5 and no less than 3 states. This territory went from the Ohio River in the south to the Great Lakes in...

The Second Continental Congress adopted the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 as a result of settlers spilling into the area after the U.S. had gained the territory in the Revolutionary War with the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The ordinance stated that the new territory would be admitted to the union as no more than 5 and no less than 3 states. This territory went from the Ohio River in the south to the Great Lakes in the north and to the Mississippi River to the west. The territories would use a three-step process of becoming states. First, they would be administered by a governor, secretary, and three judges appointed by Congress. Then, in the second phase, they would have a non-voting member of Congress and an elected assembly when the male voting population reached 5,000. When the population reached 60,000 (in all), the territory would draft a state constitution and ask to be admitted as a state to the union. In addition, the ordinance stated that rights would be granted to members of the territory, including the right of free speech and religion, the right of habeas corpus, and right to a jury trial. This process of becoming a state was used for all subsequent states that came into the union. Finally, the ordinance stated that slavery was not allowed in the Northwest Territory, so the Ohio River became the dividing line between slave and free states until the Civil War.

How does Malamud memorably portray suffering in "The Prison"?

In the story, Malamud memorably portrays suffering by highlighting the many instances Tommy Castelli is thwarted and defeated in his efforts to improve his life. The author focuses on Tommy's unhappy marriage, unfulfilling career, and crippling sense of helplessness.

In the story, Malamud portrays Tommy as an emasculated, hen-pecked husband who can't seem to achieve a measurable level of happiness in his life. Every business enterprise Tommy tries to engage in seems to fall flat: either his wife, Rosa, finds out about it and berates him for it, or the business schemes fall apart anyway.

For instance, Tommy once earned fifty-five dollars from secretly taking in some lottery punch-boards a syndicate was distributing in the neighborhood. Tommy manages to hide the money from Rosa (who detests the idea of gambling); however, the syndicate is written up in the newspaper (perhaps for business irregularities), and the punch-boards disappear. In another instance, Tommy manages to get a lottery machine into his store. When Rosa discovers it, she "wouldn't let up screaming."

To make matters worse, Tommy's father-in-law later comes in and smashes the machine apart with a "plumber's hammer." Both Rosa and her father berate Tommy for his entrepreneurial spirit. Tommy tries to placate Rosa by explaining that the earnings from the machine will allow him to buy a television so that he can watch the fights without going to a bar. He also tries to explain that, since everyone gets a roll of mints for every nickle played, it can't conceivably be called gambling. However, his explanations fall on deaf ears; to make matters worse, the police begin raiding stores for lottery machines and giving out summonses for them not long after his own machine is destroyed.

Tommy's store is the only one without a lottery machine at the time of the raid, but he still grieves for the loss of his own machine. All he knows is that he has very little personal agency in his own life; the candy store has been financed by his father-in-law, and he must placate both his wife and his father-in-law in all matters pertaining to the business. This dismal situation encapsulates why Tommy feels like he's living in a prison. Even his name has been changed from Tony to Tommy by Rosa. He's a man who can't even hold on to his name, let alone order his own life as he sees fit.

Tommy later tries to save a young girl (who's caught shoplifting in his store) from a life of crime, but he sees his efforts thwarted by Rosa and the girl's mother. Accordingly, Rosa, in her anger, assaults the young thief. Distressed beyond belief at his wife's abusive behavior, Tommy turns on Rosa. He slaps her across her mouth to stop her from carrying on, but the hit is harder than he intends. When the young thief's mother comes in and is apprised of her daughter's actions, she proceeds to slug her daughter across the mouth and to drag her home. Despite Tommy's good-faith effort in standing up for the young thief, she shows no gratitude and instead, sticks her tongue out at him before she leaves the store. This depressing state of affairs sums up Malamud's portrayal of Tommy's life. It's a life filled with missed opportunities, untold misery, and countless disappointments.

You never really got what you wanted. No matter how hard you tried you made mistakes and couldn’t get past them. You could never see the sky outside or the ocean because you were in a prison, except nobody called it a prison, and if you did they didn’t know what you were talking about, or they said they didn’t.

What is true of risk-takers?

Risk-taking behavior is closely linked with "sensation seeking." Most risk-takers seek new experiences, are easily bored, and tend to enjoy intense experiences that push physical, social, or personal limits. Some risk-taking behavior is physical, such as extreme sports, while other types of risk-taking can involve drinking, gambling, using drugs, engaging in unsafe sexual practices, and committing crimes. 

Risk-taking tends to peak in a person's teens and twenties and decline as people get older. A higher...

Risk-taking behavior is closely linked with "sensation seeking." Most risk-takers seek new experiences, are easily bored, and tend to enjoy intense experiences that push physical, social, or personal limits. Some risk-taking behavior is physical, such as extreme sports, while other types of risk-taking can involve drinking, gambling, using drugs, engaging in unsafe sexual practices, and committing crimes. 

Risk-taking tends to peak in a person's teens and twenties and decline as people get older. A higher proportion of males than females display extreme risk-taking traits. Many risk-taking behaviors tend to be present in the same person, with alcohol, drugs, unsafe sexual practices, and driving accidents all correlating strongly with a similar demographic. 

Risk-takers tend to demonstrate high impulsiveness, a low ability to tolerate boredom, and a desire for new, intense sensations. They tend to be more aggressive and more sociable than the general population. 

Is there a time when Atticus Finch does not express integrity in Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird?

I would argue that Atticus shows integrity throughout the book. 

He does go against his own values, for a few minutes, in Chapter 13.  This is the chapter where Atticus' sister, Alexandra, comes to live with him and the children.  Though we are not told this directly, apparently Atticus has asked her to come and stay because he knows that with the trial of Tom Robinson coming up this summer, there is likely to be...

I would argue that Atticus shows integrity throughout the book. 

He does go against his own values, for a few minutes, in Chapter 13.  This is the chapter where Atticus' sister, Alexandra, comes to live with him and the children.  Though we are not told this directly, apparently Atticus has asked her to come and stay because he knows that with the trial of Tom Robinson coming up this summer, there is likely to be trouble, and he wants another adult around the house for those times when he is away.

However, Aunt Alexandra has very different values from Atticus.  She is a snob. She feels proud of being a Finch and looks down on other families, and she wants to pass these values on to the children.  Also, she does not approve of the way Atticus allows Scout, who is a tomboy, to behave.  Aunt Alexandra wants Scout to behave like a little lady.

Atticus, on the other hand, is primarily concerned that the children learn to read well, think for themselves, and treat all people fairly.  

Hence, Aunt Alexandra's arrival ushers in an era of dueling parenting methods.

There is funny scene near the end of the chapter in which Atticus tries to make himself teach his sister's values to the children.  

In his lawyer's voice, without a shade of inflection, he said: "Your aunt has asked me to try and impress upon you ... that you are not from run-of-the-mill people, that you are the product of several generations' gentle breeding--" Atticus paused, watching me locate an elusive redbug on my leg.

After a few minutes of this, Atticus' change of character so frightens the children that Scout begins to cry.   Atticus comforts her, and then when pressed about whether they really have to adopt Aunt Alexandra's values, he gives up:  "I don't want you to try to remember it. Forget it." 

Comment on the role of "parousia" for the early church fathers.

Christian Fathers of Orthodox Christianity all agree that Christ will return (Parousia) to judge the living and dead (Parousia is stated in the Nicene Creed). The difference is in the details of the second advent and what comes before it and afterwards (see Chapter 15 of The Mosaic of Christian Belief: Twenty Centuries of Unity and Diversity by Roger E. Olson, 2016). Thus, Justin Martyr, Tertullian, and Irenaeus, for example, all held that an earthly...

Christian Fathers of Orthodox Christianity all agree that Christ will return (Parousia) to judge the living and dead (Parousia is stated in the Nicene Creed). The difference is in the details of the second advent and what comes before it and afterwards (see Chapter 15 of The Mosaic of Christian Belief: Twenty Centuries of Unity and Diversity by Roger E. Olson, 2016). Thus, Justin Martyr, Tertullian, and Irenaeus, for example, all held that an earthly rule would be established for a set period—identified with a thousand years —after the return. This set period of rule is followed by the end of history and a new heaven and earth. Justin Martry clearly states in "Dialogue with Trypho" that some coreligionists differed from his view of two resurrections. Others denied this "one-thousand-year" earthly rule; instead, there is a distinction between God’s presence in the church and lives of believers and the final kingdom of God and new creation. This latter view is known "amillennialism" and is the view of the Roman Catholic Church. In addition, "amillennialism" was the view of Origen and Clement of Alexandria.

Under what kinds of conditions does technology develop and how and why did technological development differ from one place to another?

Jared Diamond's book, Guns, Germs, and Steel, is an attempt to understand the causes of unequal development of technology in different cultures and regions. He argues that the causes are not, as racists claim, due to inherent differences in intelligence between people of different races and cultures, but rather due to environmental factors.

For Diamond, several major preconditions are needed for the development of advanced technology. The first is the neolithic transition to agriculture...

Jared Diamond's book, Guns, Germs, and Steel, is an attempt to understand the causes of unequal development of technology in different cultures and regions. He argues that the causes are not, as racists claim, due to inherent differences in intelligence between people of different races and cultures, but rather due to environmental factors.

For Diamond, several major preconditions are needed for the development of advanced technology. The first is the neolithic transition to agriculture to provide enough of a food surplus to enable people to devote time to tasks that are not directly involved in food production. This creates a virtuous cycle in which people can specialize in technology such as making pottery or metal work or food production technology creating a virtuous cycle of increasing efficiency in food production leading to freeing up more people to specialize in various crafts and technology. Easily accessible natural resources such as metals and clay contribute to this process.

Two key environmental elements for technological development are living in a region with readily domesticable plants and animals and being in an area that has no barriers to east-west travel and communication, something which enables rapid sharing of ideas and trade in goods. 

What are 3 examples of irony in "A Modest Proposal"?

One example of irony is in the title: "A Modest Proposal."  The narrator goes on to propose that the Irish sell their babies to the English as a food source so that the Irish can make a profit, help to support their families, and keep those families from growing too large to support.  Such a proposal is hardly a modest one: "modest," in part, means notbeing bold, and this proposal is quite bold.  Further,...

One example of irony is in the title: "A Modest Proposal."  The narrator goes on to propose that the Irish sell their babies to the English as a food source so that the Irish can make a profit, help to support their families, and keep those families from growing too large to support.  Such a proposal is hardly a modest one: "modest," in part, means not being bold, and this proposal is quite bold.  Further, the narrator is hardly modest in making this proposal; he is clearly very proud of his idea and believes that he should be honored for it.  Since irony exists when there is a discrepancy between expectation and reality, calling such a proposal a modest one is certainly ironic.

The narrator says, "whoever could find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these [impoverished Irish] Children sound and useful Members of the common-wealth would deserve so well of the publick, as to have his Statue set up for a preserver of the Nation."  It is ironic to call his method for dealing with these children -- that they be sold for food, even to use their skin for gloves and boots -- "fair, cheap and easy."  It is not fair that the Irish are in the terrible economic and political position they are in, nor to suggest that they part with their babies and agree to allow them to be eaten.  Further, it would hardly be an easy thing to do: to sell one's child for food.  The discrepancy between the reality of the proposal and the adjectives the speaker uses to describe it creates irony.

Moreover, the speaker also says, "There is likewise another great Advantage in my Scheme, that it will prevent those voluntary Abortions, and that horrid practice of Women murdering their Bastard Children, alas! too frequent among us, Sacrificing the poor innocent Babes, I doubt, more to avoid the Expence, than the Shame, which would move Tears and Pity in the most Savage and inhuman breast."  The speaker prides himself on the fact that his proposal will prevent the "murdering [of] poor innocent Babes" without acknowledgement (or awareness, apparently) that what he's proposing is still murder!  It's just murder for a different reason: not for the purpose of disposing of the child but for making the child "useful" (as he says in the quotation in the paragraph above).  The narrator's willingness to speak out against murder when his proposal relies on murder is certainly ironic.

Are the the feelings of love expressed in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night based on appearance or personality?

There is definitely a lot of falling in love with a woman’s looks or money in this play.  However, Viola falls in love with Duke Orsino because of his personality.

Duke Orsino specifically mentions Olivia’s looks, and so does Viola when she is trying to convince her to fall for the duke as Cesario.  Olivia actually makes a joke about the fact that they are so focused on her appearance.

I will give
out divers schedules of my beauty: it shall be
inventoried, and every particle and utensil
labelled to my will: as, item, two lips,
indifferent red; item, two grey eyes, with lids to
them; item, one neck, one chin, and so forth. Were
you sent hither to praise me? (Act 1, Scene 5)

Sir Andrew also wants to marry Olivia even though he does not really know her.  He is more interested in maintaining his status by getting a hold of her money, though.  Either way, neither of them are in love with her for her personality.

The best example of a person who marries just for looks is Sebastian.  He marries Olivia even though he doesn’t even know her.  (She thinks that she is marrying Cesario.)  He even wonders if she is crazy, or he is, but figures he might as well go along with it.

SEBASTIAN

What relish is in this? how runs the stream?
Or I am mad, or else this is a dream:
Let fancy still my sense in Lethe steep;
If it be thus to dream, still let me sleep!

OLIVIA

Nay, come, I prithee; would thou'ldst be ruled by me!

SEBASTIAN

Madam, I will. (Act 4, Scene 1)

Viola, on the other hand, loves Orsino.  She has a chance to get to know him while she pretends to be Cesario, and she cares about his personality and not just his looks.  When Cesario finds out she is a woman, he seems quite ready to switch affections and love her.  Of course, he also knows her personality, even if it was in the guise of a man.

In what ways does the novel Dracula play upon fears of infection and contagion? How does it represent sexually transmitted disease? Can it be...

Dracula can easily be read as a cautionary tale about the dangers of infection and epidemic, particularly of sexually transmitted diseases. Dracula arrives in England like the plague, transported by a plague ship, finding in London anonymity and plentiful victims. The connection to STDs is pretty plain, too—after Mina is attacked by Dracula, she calls herself “unclean”—“’Unclean, unclean! I must touch him or kiss him no more. Oh, that it should be that it is...

Dracula can easily be read as a cautionary tale about the dangers of infection and epidemic, particularly of sexually transmitted diseases. Dracula arrives in England like the plague, transported by a plague ship, finding in London anonymity and plentiful victims. The connection to STDs is pretty plain, too—after Mina is attacked by Dracula, she calls herself “unclean”—“’Unclean, unclean! I must touch him or kiss him no more. Oh, that it should be that it is I who am now his worst enemy, and whom he may have most cause to fear.’” (There is some speculation that Stoker himself died of syphilis.) Vampire stories remain popular in part because they dwell on the forbidden intersection of sex and death.

There is, I think, a real connection between the advent of AIDS in the 1980s and the prevalence of vampire stories (both novels and films) during this time. I would point you to Susan Sontag’s book Illness as Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors (New York: Anchor Books, 1990) for a fuller discussion of the complex relationship between cinema, vampirism, sexuality, death/AIDS.

The average (arithmetic mean) of 6 integers is 32. If the numbers are all different, & if none is less than 10, what is the greatest possible value...

In order to find the greatest possible value of the highest number, we must consider the lowest possible values of five of the numbers. We are given the information that all the numbers are different and none are less than 10. So the lowest possible five numbers we can use are 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14. We will call the sixth number x. So we can set up an equation for the average like...

In order to find the greatest possible value of the highest number, we must consider the lowest possible values of five of the numbers. We are given the information that all the numbers are different and none are less than 10. So the lowest possible five numbers we can use are 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14. We will call the sixth number x. So we can set up an equation for the average like so:

`(10+11+12+13+14+x)/6=32`

Next we can simplify and solve for x:

`(60+x)/6=32`

`60+x=192`

`x=132`

So the largest possible value of the highest number is 132. 

What was in the mind of the poet when he wrote the poem "The Road Not Taken"?

When asked if he would reveal the intended meanings in his poems, Robert Frost replied, "If I wanted you to know I'd had told you in the poem." So, no one really knows the hidden meaning of "The Road Not Taken." 

One thing that is known about this poem by Frost is that he composed it shortly after returning home in the United States from his trip to England, where he accompanied his fellow poet...

When asked if he would reveal the intended meanings in his poems, Robert Frost replied, "If I wanted you to know I'd had told you in the poem." So, no one really knows the hidden meaning of "The Road Not Taken." 

One thing that is known about this poem by Frost is that he composed it shortly after returning home in the United States from his trip to England, where he accompanied his fellow poet and friend, Edward Thomas on walks. This friend would often take Frost with him on woodland strolls where Thomas would be very indecisive about which path to take. He would worry that, perhaps, he had chosen the wrong path as another might have had more fauna and flora.

At any rate, Edward was rather indecisive. So, he certainly fits the character of the poem's speaker who suffers in the second stanza as he deliberates over his decision to take the "other" path that was "just as fair"--

And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same

Still, the power of poetry is that it speaks to the heart, and there are always various meanings that different people derive from poems. So, while Frost may have had some fun writing about this friend, he also may have intended for his readers to think of the metaphoric meaning of his poem as one about life's choices and their profound affect upon people. After all, in 1961 Frost did say that "The Road Not Taken" is “a tricky poem, very tricky.”

What does it mean to be a part of "We the People"? What rights do "We the People" have and where do those rights come from?

The preamble to the United States Constitution begins with the words, "We the people . . ." In doing so, the Constitution becomes a document of the people, by the people, and for the people. Rather than the Constitution dictating the amount of power the government should have, it instead mandates that the government exists to serve the people.

According to the Bill of Rights, the Constitution guarantees that the people shall have the right...

The preamble to the United States Constitution begins with the words, "We the people . . ." In doing so, the Constitution becomes a document of the people, by the people, and for the people. Rather than the Constitution dictating the amount of power the government should have, it instead mandates that the government exists to serve the people.

According to the Bill of Rights, the Constitution guarantees that the people shall have the right to free speech, the right to bear arms, the right to resist unreasonable search and seizure, the right to a trial, the right to no cruel or unusual punishment, and the right for states to make laws not defined or limited by the U.S. Constitution. 

In addition to the rights established by the Bill of Rights, certain rights are also, as the Declaration of Independence says, "unalienable rights" given from the Creator. These include "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."

Comment on the contrast between American and British culture in "The Canterville Ghost."

In "The Canterville Ghost," the Cantervilles, who are British lords, believe in the ghost that haunts their estate as part of their storied history. Lord Canterville tells the American Minister Hiram B. Otis, who buys the estate:

"The ghost has been seen by several living members of my family, as well as by the rector of the parish, the Rev. Augustus Dampier, who is a Fellow of King's College, Cambridge."

The ghost has a fine...

In "The Canterville Ghost," the Cantervilles, who are British lords, believe in the ghost that haunts their estate as part of their storied history. Lord Canterville tells the American Minister Hiram B. Otis, who buys the estate:

"The ghost has been seen by several living members of my family, as well as by the rector of the parish, the Rev. Augustus Dampier, who is a Fellow of King's College, Cambridge."

The ghost has a fine pedigree, as it has been seen by such well-respected people, and the Lord does not doubt its existence. In fact, Lord Canterville seems to delight in the legend of the ghost that accompanies his house.

Mr. Otis, on the other hand, is dubious about the ghost from the moment he buys the estate. Showing the American tendency toward the practical, he says that if ghosts really existed, there would be some ghosts in American museums. Mr. Otis makes it clear that Americans can buy anything in Britain that they want, so just as he is buying the British estate, Americans could have bought ghosts and brought them back to America if they had been interested in doing so. 

As an American, Otis and his family are practical and commonsensical and have little use for the legends about the ghost. For example, when they see a blood stain, they don't care about its storied history but instead apply stain remover. They attack problems using science or play tricks on the ghost and do not accept the past as predictive of the future (as the British characters do).

What did Chris learn to make from Franz?

Chris McCandless learned to make a leather belt and other leather products from Ronald Franz.  

An accomplished leatherworker, Franz taught Alex the secrets of his craft; for his first project McCandless produced a tooled leather belt, on which he created an artful pictorial record of his wanderings.

McCandless met Franz while he (McCandless) was wandering around the Salton Sea area of California.  Franz took an immediate liking to McCandless and took the young wanderer...

Chris McCandless learned to make a leather belt and other leather products from Ronald Franz.  

An accomplished leatherworker, Franz taught Alex the secrets of his craft; for his first project McCandless produced a tooled leather belt, on which he created an artful pictorial record of his wanderings.

McCandless met Franz while he (McCandless) was wandering around the Salton Sea area of California.  Franz took an immediate liking to McCandless and took the young wanderer under his wing for a bit.  At first, Franz couldn't understand why McCandless would hitchhike around the country, and Franz encouraged McCandless to "make something of his life."  McCandless politely told Franz to not worry about him, and from there the two men became quite good friends.  In fact, Franz even offered to adopt McCandless as his grandson.  McCandless dodged the question by saying that they would talk about it later.  

McCandless, uncomfortable with the request, dodged the question: “We’ll talk about it when I get back from Alaska, Ron.”

The two men learned a great deal from each other.  McCandless taught Franz the value of a wandering free spirit, and Franz taught McCandless the skills of a leatherworker.  

What is the original source of “I am no bird; and no net ensnares me: I am a free human being with an independent will” from Charlotte Bronte's...

This quote comes from Chapter 23 of Jane Eyre, a novel by Charlotte Brontë. Jane says this in response to Rochester, who tells her to stop struggling "like a frantic bird." Jane responds that rather than being a bird, she has no net. She is free and can exercise her free will to leave Rochester, which she then chooses to do. The metaphor of a bird runs throughout this passage, as Rochester likens her to a bird, and Jane refuses to characterize herself as a creature who is locked in a cage. Rochester thinks of a bird as wild, while Jane sees a bird as caged. In this instance, Jane can exercise her free will, which makes her very different than Bertha, Rochester's wife who is locked away in the third floor of Thornfield, Rochester's house.  

How do the political, economic and social characteristics of the Americas today differ from those of 1750?

The Americas are very different today than they were in 1750 in terms of political, social, and economic characteristics. In 1750, various European powers were ruling the Americas. The British, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and the Netherlands were some countries that had colonies throughout the Americas. In 2016, the Americas are independent countries. In some countries, democracies exist with political parties representing different viewpoints. Few people in the Americas could imagine another country controlling or ruling...

The Americas are very different today than they were in 1750 in terms of political, social, and economic characteristics. In 1750, various European powers were ruling the Americas. The British, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and the Netherlands were some countries that had colonies throughout the Americas. In 2016, the Americas are independent countries. In some countries, democracies exist with political parties representing different viewpoints. Few people in the Americas could imagine another country controlling or ruling them today.

There are also major economic differences. In 1750, the colonies existed to benefit the European colonial powers economically. For example, the British got resources from their American colonies and then sold the finished products back to the colonies. The British could make most products cheaper and more efficiently than the colonies could make them. The British also had rules that the colonies were expected to follow. For example, certain products had to be bought from Britain and transported on British ships. Today, the American countries have established and developed their own economies. While all countries trade with other countries, American industries and American products have a worldwide presence. The American economies have a tremendous influence in the world.

There have also been many changes socially. In 1750, there was very little diversity in the Americas. Slaves were used and most people practiced some form of Christianity. Today, there is more diversity. People practice many religions. There is a greater tolerance of the differences between people today than in 1750. Women have a much larger role today than they had in 1750. In 1750, women were expected to be reserved and to stay in the background. Today, women play more active roles. They lead companies and are active in politics. Cities have also grown significantly over the years. As more people moved to the Americas, the population of cities increased. For the first time ever, a South American country, Brazil, is hosting the Summer Olympics.

What is a topic to research in the classroom?

If you are talking about doing empirical pedagogical research, your first step should be thinking about what sort of research project you can do in a feasible manner. For example, if you are a professor teaching a multi-section course, you can set up studies with students in 4 sections assigned to use one learning strategy and 4 sections assigned a different one and compare results. You need to be able to create two groups containing at least 40-50 people per group (more is better) to have useful statistical results.

If you do not have enough study subjects for statistical analysis (a basic rule of thumb is that N=50 is the minimum for significance), you will need to to some form of ethnography, watching and closely describing an individual learner or pedagogical method. 

You may be able to do historical research as well, doing something like looking through archives of syllabi for a given course and analyzing how they have changed over a 10 or 20 year period. 

What is the plot and the significance of the main characters in the book The Alienist by Caleb Carr?

Caleb Carr's 1994 crime novel The Alienist follows John Moore, a New York Times crime reporter, as he and his friend Laszlo Kreizler (a famed psychiatrist) recount the grisly 1896 murder spree of a serial killer in Manhattan and their attempts to uncover his identity. 

Their journey begins on March 3, 1986, when Kreizler has Moore brought to the horrific crime scene, where a 13-year-old boy named Georgio "Gloria" Santorelli has been disfigured and...

Caleb Carr's 1994 crime novel The Alienist follows John Moore, a New York Times crime reporter, as he and his friend Laszlo Kreizler (a famed psychiatrist) recount the grisly 1896 murder spree of a serial killer in Manhattan and their attempts to uncover his identity. 

Their journey begins on March 3, 1986, when Kreizler has Moore brought to the horrific crime scene, where a 13-year-old boy named Georgio "Gloria" Santorelli has been disfigured and killed: his eyes gouged out, right hand cut off, buttocks sheared off, throat slit, cut across his body, and genitals cut off and stuffed into his mouth. Santorelli was a sex worker who dressed as a girl in order to pick up johns. Despite this kind of case normally being ignored, Moore and Kreisler decide to investigate, and Kreizler realizes that there seems to be a connection to another murder case in which two children had had their eyes gouged out. 

Police Commissioner Theodore Roosevelt (yes, that Theodore Roosevelt... the future president!) understands that this is actually the third murder in this pattern, but to avoid controversy due to Kriezler's reputation, he decides to stay away from the case and allow Kriezler to work on it behind the scenes.

The pair are joined by detective brothers Lucius and Marcus Isaacson, as well as one of the first female employees of the NYPD, Sara Howard. Together, the team develops a profile of the serial killer in hopes of predicting his next attempted murder. They contact various mental institutions to see if anyone matching this profile had once been cared for in such an establishment.

After visiting Washington, DC, the team discovers another similar murder--this time, one that has taken place in rural New York. A visit to the site of this murder and a talk with the surviving brother of the killer reveals to them the killer's name: John Beecham (born Japheth Dury). The team discovers that Japheth had been unwanted by his parents and sexually abused by George Beecham, which was the cause of his vengeful behavior. Ultimately, John/Japheth is killed by a gang of thugs before Kreizler can interview him, and although he manages to conduct an autopsy of the body, only the knowledge of the killer's childhood of abuse can offer insight into his deranged actions. 

Would "rising in thunderheads of tobacco smoke" be an example of personification or a metaphor?

The quote in the question is an example of a metaphor.  A metaphor is a comparison of two unlike things and does not use the words "like" or "as."  In this case, the quote being used is describing the smoke that is surrounding Captain Beatty.  The smoke isn't thin wisps of tobacco smoke.  It's as thick as the biggest and most dangerous storm clouds.    

Captain Beatty there, rising in thunderheads of tobacco smoke.

...

The quote in the question is an example of a metaphor.  A metaphor is a comparison of two unlike things and does not use the words "like" or "as."  In this case, the quote being used is describing the smoke that is surrounding Captain Beatty.  The smoke isn't thin wisps of tobacco smoke.  It's as thick as the biggest and most dangerous storm clouds.    

Captain Beatty there, rising in thunderheads of tobacco smoke.

The comparison being made portrays Captain Beatty and his movements as similar to a big, powerful storm cloud.  He is imposing and dangerous looking.  Because the quote says that Beatty is in the cloud, I picture Beatty as enshrouded by the cloud.  The line gives Captain Beatty a sort of Satanic presence, which is exactly the kind of person that he is.  He is the ruthless, malicious, shrewd, and destructive antagonist of the story.  At times he comes across as friendly and soft, but that is only to gain an advantage over some other person.  

Explain how the actions of the executive and/or judicial branches have personally affected your life.

Everyone leads a different life, but the executive branch and the judicial branch certainly affect all of us to some degree over our lifetimes.  I hope some examples help you start thinking about how your life has been affected.

The executive branch sets policy, appoints cabinet heads, and issues executive orders. The executive branch also has some prosecutorial discretion.   If you live in an area which has experienced a natural disaster, it is up...

Everyone leads a different life, but the executive branch and the judicial branch certainly affect all of us to some degree over our lifetimes.  I hope some examples help you start thinking about how your life has been affected.

The executive branch sets policy, appoints cabinet heads, and issues executive orders. The executive branch also has some prosecutorial discretion.   If you live in an area which has experienced a natural disaster, it is up to the president to declare this a state of emergency, thus allowing federal funds and federal workers to help your area.  if you live in a state in which marijuana use is legal, recreationally and/or medically, it is the executive branch that decides not to prosecute for its use, which is still illegal in federal law.  If you or someone in your family works for a company that does federal contract work, the executive branch has provided for paid sick leave as a condition of getting the contract.  I have included a link that lists President Obama's executive orders thus far, and you will see that the coverage of subjects is quite wide.

The judicial branch's influence on your life is likely to be much larger than you think.  If you are female, you have a large degree of reproductive choice because of the judicial branch.  If you vote, which everyone should, the courts are supposed to protect your right to do so, very recently striking down some voter ID statutes that made it more difficult for people to vote.  If you are a minority candidate for college, the Supreme Court has said that universities may take that into consideration as one factor to admit you. If you or a friend is part of the LGBT community, marriage is now a right.  No matter whether you are young, old, male, female, rich, poor, black, white, or something in between, the judicial branch has certainly ruled in some way that has affected your life.

It is good to sit down and consider how important the role of these branches of our government are in our lives and be grateful to live in a democracy in which we do not have to concern ourselves with the kind of role a dictator would play in our lives.  These branches of government may not always act in ways we agree with, but they are meant to be "for the people," a staple of any democracy.